PETROLEUM

Petroleum ( Latin petrus - rock and oleum - oil), also dubbed as the black gold, is a thick liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust . Petroleum is composed of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Petroleum is a mixture of different types of hydrocarbons.

The composition of the crude oil (petroleum) is a complex mixture, consisting primarily of hydrocarbons, together with a small number of components containing sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen and very little metal-containing components.

The structure of the hydrocarbons found in crude oil:

Alkanes. This fraction is the largest in the crude oil.

Cycloalkanes (napten) cycloalkanes CnH2n anyone has a ring of 5 (five) the cyclopentane ring or 6 (six) is cyclohexane.

Aromatics Aromatics CnH2n -6 has a ring of 6 (six).

only present in small amounts, but it is necessary in gasoline because:
- Has anti-knock high prices
- Good storage stability
- And other uses as fuels (fuels).

The proportion of the three types of hydrocarbons depends on the source of petroleum. In general, an alkane hydrocarbon most but sometimes (referred to as crude napthenic) containing cycloalkanes as the largest component, while the aromatic component is always the least.

Refinery / distillation (refining) is the process of changing crude oil into products that can be sold (marketeble product) through a combination of physical and chemical processes. Products resulting from the refining / refining, among others:
1. Light destilates is the component with the smallest molecular weight. Here are a few pieces:

• Gasoline

Gasoline (United States) or motor spirit (UK) or gasoline (Indonesia) has the lowest boiling point and is a key product in the distillation is used as a propellant motors (45% of the crude oil processed to produce gasoline).

• Naphta
  Naphta is a material that has a boiling point between gasoline and kerosene. Some naphta used as: - Solvent rubber - starting materials ethylene - the military used as a jet fuel known as JP-4. - Solvent dry cleaning (washing)

• kerosine
  Kerosene has the highest boiling point and is usually used as:
- Kerosene
- Fuel for water jet plane

Intermediate destilates a gas oil or diesel fuel use as a transportation fuel heavy trucks, trains, small commercial boats, farm equipment and others.

Heavy destilates is a high molecular weight component. This fraction is usually converted into lubricating oil (lubricant oils), oil with high specific gravity of the fuel, candles and cracking stock.

Residues including asphalt, residual fuel oil and petrolatum. Residues that do not have a large percentage.

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