acid organic bases

 Examples of these compounds include: lactic acid ((CH3-CHOH-COOH), also known as milk acid)), acetic acid, formic acid (HCOOH), citric acid (kejeruk "an C6H8O7) and oxalic acid (HOOC-COOH. ).
Acetic acid, ethanoic acid or acetic acid is an organic acid chemical compounds known as sour flavoring and aroma in food. Acetic acid has the empirical formula C2H4O2. This formula is often written in the form of CH3-COOH, CH3COOH, or CH3CO2H. Pure acetic acid (called glacial acetic acid) is a colorless hygroscopic liquid, and has a freezing point of 16.7 ° C.
Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids, as formic acid. Solution of acetic acid in water is a weak acid, meaning that only partially dissociate into H + and CH3COO-. Acetic acid is a chemical reagent and industrial raw materials is important. Acetic acid is used in the production of polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate, cellulose acetate and polyvinyl acetate, as well as a wide range of fibers and fabrics. In the food industry, acetic acid is used as an acidity regulator. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used as a water softener. Within a year, world demand for acetic acid to 6.5 million tons per year. 1.5 million tons per year generated from the recycling, the remainder derived from the petrochemical industry as well as from biological sources.
And further the organic bases of organic bases that we have encountered many in DNA and RNA da tone also those around us as ammonia
And organic bases in the DNA and RNA were also on the up again there purine bases pyrimidine bases da tone too.

protein as a transportation

Protein is one of makrobiomoleku l which has a very specific structure. The type, number and sequence of amino acids that menyususn protein molecules vary greatly. Thus, the structure of proteins differ from each other according to the type, amount and amino acids that constitute uratan. Diversity of proteins that causes proteins act out a very diverse role within the cell.
More protein diversity reproduced by any other non-protein biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids that are chemically bound to the protein to form a molecule. The function of this protein complex to be discussed further when discussing each protein complexes.
Highly diverse functions of proteins within cells causing difficulty in grouping them more appropriate for each type of protein. Several proteins have functions that are grouped into khsusu so difficult a particular function. Similarly, many proteins can not be identified because of the difficulty in isolation and study of the role. However, in general the protein can be grouped according to function as follows:
1. enzyme,
2. transport and storage of oxygen,
3. the body's defense (immune system),
4. activator of cells and tissues,
5. metablisme carrier results in a cell,
6. introduction of the compound in the cell membrane,
7. constituent of cell structure,
8. and regulating metabolism.
Proteins function as enzymes will be discussed in the section on the enzyme. Similarly, the introduction of the function of proteins in the cell membrane compounds will be discussed in the cell membrane.
Myoglobin and hemoglobin
Myoglobin is a protein that serves as a carrier of oxygen in a complex living things. Oxygen is transported from one network to another where oxygen is used in the cell jarngan to oxidation that produces the energy of motion. In the living creatures that live in water, nerfungsi myoglobin to store oxygen.
Myoglobin consists of 153 amino acids and forms a-helices in eight places. Structures such as these encourage the formation of globular proteins dimensions 44 X 44 X 25 Å
Myoglobin has a heme group formed by four pyrrole groups are bound to each other by forming a bridge metene atom porphyrin and iron (Fe II) is coordinated by four N atoms of each group in the porphyrin pyrrole and one N atom from the group of the protein histidine . Molecular oxygen (O2) will be bound to the iron atom. Furthermore, the other oxygen atom will coordinate with other groups of the protein histidine
At the time of Fe (II) associated with O2, myoglobin molecule is said to have been in the oxidized form. thus the Fe (II) to Fe (III). When not attached to the O2 this heme group, but other groups such as CO, NO or H2S a stronger affinity, the myoglobin can no longer bind O2. In this case, the compound CO, NO and H2S is said to be toxic to myoglobin.
Based on the ability of myoglobin oxygen binding molecule that has the function of myoglobin to store and distribute oxygen to the cells in the muscle tissue. When oxygen diffuses itself difficult in muscle tissue, it is able to diffuse well myoglobin. thus oxygen can be delivered to the muscle tissue smoothly.
Hemoglobin is a protein molecule that has the task to bind oxygen and carry it from one network to a network that requires oxygen. Hemoglobin contained in red blood cells that can be transported keberbagian other complex systems like the human body.
Hemoglobin molecule is made up of four polypeptide chains (tetramer; a2b2). The molecular structure of hemoglobin A are equal to each other. Similarly, both the hemoglobin molecule b. The molecular structure of hemoglobin a and b are slightly different from each other. Overall, the hemoglobin molecule size is 64 X 55 X 50 Å.
Hemoglobin will bind to oxygen through the heme group as in myoglobin. Molecular form (conformasi) hemoglobin will change with the entry of oxygen molecules. The ability of hemoglobin binds oxygen in contrast to myoglobin. When intekaksi oxygen by myoglobin follow the hyperbolic curve of hemoglobin followed a sigmoidal curve. This causes the hemoglobin able to release oxygen at low oxygen concentration around it a bit.
Actin and myosin
Actin and myosin are proteins that are a major part of human muscle tissue as well as other animals. Both of these molecules are present in cells miofibrin which are elongated cells. In microscopic molecular molecule position is seen as a layer of thick and thin. Layer thick myosin protein which is composed of six polypeptide chains: two heavy chains (220 kD) chains and two pairs of essential and regulatory chains that vary in size between 15 and 20 kD dependent home network. Both heavy chain polypeptide spirals duplicate with one end (amine) were enlarged. The two other small molecules associated heavy chains near the palm). Myosin head is emzim ATPase.
A thin layer is composed of three proteins, namely actin, tropomyosin and troponin. Actin is a globular-shaped protein composed of 375 amino acids. Tropomyosin is twofold helical chain that extends troposiosin molecules associate with each other to form long chains. In these chains of actin molecules interact to form a series throughout the tropomyosin molecule. Furthermore, the troponin molecule that binds Ca ions bound to one strand tropimiosin.
Each actin can bind to the head of myosin molecules through ionic and hydrophobic from the interaction. Bonding or interactions that regulate these muscle contractions. The interaction between actin and myosin will be in a bound state of a switch or not switch. The mechanism is as follows:
1. ATP molecule that will bind to the head domain myosin heads will detach from the bond with actin.
2. The presence of ATP in the myosin will cause the myosin can not interact with actin. The next step is the hydrolysis of a phosphate group. This causes the myosin head shifted slightly.
3. This hydrolysis leads to interaction with actin again. However, this interaction is a little weak.
4. The next step is the release of phosphate groups terhidrolasi above. The release of this phosphate group causes a conformational change in myosin structure followed by the stronger interaction with actin.
5. Conformational changes cause a sudden movement of myosin and actin molecules. When this occurs simultaneously in all the cells in the network there will be a movement of muscles.
6. The next step is the release of the ADP molecule, followed by a shift in myosin molecules of myosin in a position where it will interact strongly with actin.
Immunoglobulin
System resilience in complex creatures like humans can be distinguished on the cell resistance and resilience humoral (fluid). Resilience cells against viral infections, fungi, bacteria or other pathogens carried by forming an antidote cells such as T cells lymphocytes. Resilience humoral do with the formation of a specific protein is an immunoglobulin or antibody. These antibodies are synthesized in the cell or B-lymphocyte cell B.
Proteins such as immunoglobulin antibody formation is stimulated by the presence of foreign molecules called antigens. This is often in the form of foreign molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates mokromolekul. When B cells meet antigen, immunoglobulins on the cell surface antigen will wrap then destroy it.
General structure of the immunoglobulin molecule consists of two pairs of light polypeptide chains (L) and two pairs of heavy polypeptide (H). The four sub-units arranged like the letter Y shape as shown in Figure XX. The four sub-units are connected to each other by disulfide bonds and interactions nonkovalent. The two sub-units of light chain occupies the "hands" of the immunoglobulin that serves as part of the interaction with the antigen. The hand can be distinguished further over the variable and the constant. Variable part amino acid composition varies for each type of antibody.
Each domain in the hands of antibodies formed from three and four anti-parallel β-sheets are bound by disulfide bonds. The ability to recognize different types of antigens located on the kind of amino acid which occupies three bends in the polypeptide chain of the amine threshold domain. Amino acid sequence of the polypeptide on the third bend is called hipervariabel. The interaction between these amino acids with the antigen molecule that determines the antigen recognition by antibodies. This interaction is the combination of the interaction vander Walls, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding.

lipids in the life

Lipid

Lipids are a set of compounds in the body that have characteristics similar to fat, fat (grease), or oil. Because it is hydrophobic, the compound can be used by the body as a useful tool for berbagaikeperluan. For example, the type of lipid known as trigleresida serves as an important fuel. These compounds are highly efficient to be stored as energy-producing material savings due terkumpuk in small grains almost free of water, making it much lighter than the accumulation of carbohydrate-laden water equivalent. Another type of lipid that is an important structural material. The ability of this type of lipid to join together to get rid of water and other polar compounds cause it to form a membrane that allows for a variety of complex organisms.
Lipid A sebgai defined organic compounds found in nature and do not dissolve in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents just as a hydrocarbon or diethyl ether. Lipids are compounds that are esters of fatty acids with glycerol which sometimes contain other groups. Lipids do not dissolve in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, acetone, chloroform, and benzene.
Judging from the structure of lipid compounds are not soluble in water. Lipid compounds are named
based on physical properties (solubility) than the chemical structure. In general, lipids are divided into two major categories, namely "simple lipids" and "lipid complex". Includes simple lipid classes are compounds that have no ester group and can not be hydrolyzed. This group includes steroids. Group composed of complex lipid compounds having ester groups and can be hydrolyzed. This group meiputi oil, grease, and wax.

Lipids are a large group of natural molecules composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen include fatty acids, sterols, vitamins are fat soluble, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, terpenoids (including sap and steroids) and others.

Lipid Function

The function of lipids are as follows:
1. Lipids are a source of metabolic energy that is essential in the formation of ATP. Lipids are a group of very rich nutrient energi.Perbandingan energy value of lipid nutrients are as follows:
Lipid 9.5 kcal / g
Protein 5.6 kcal / g
Carbohydrates 4.1 kcal / g
Based on this, it can be used as a substitute for lipid valuable protein for growth, because in certain circumstances, triglycerides (fat and oil) can be converted into free fatty acids as fuel in muscle metabolic energy untukmenghasilkan livestock, particularly poultry and monogastric.
2. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and membrane sub-cells. Lipids are included in this group are polyunsaturated fatty acids / PUFA-containing phospholipids and sterol esters.
3. Lipids can be useful as an absorbent and a carrier for vitamin A, D, E and K.
4. Lipids are a source of essential fatty acids, which are the custodians and cell membrane integrity, optimizing lipid transport (because keterbatasanfosfolipid as emulsifying agent).
5. As a precursor to sex hormones such as prostagtandin endrogen hormone, estrogen.
6. Lipid serves as a vital protective organs.
7. Lipids as a source of steroids, which enhance its vital functions biologisyang Example: sterols (cholesterol) are involved in maintenance of membrane systems, for the transport of lipids and as a precursor of vitamin D3 and bile acids, adrenal and corticosteroids).
8. From the aspect of food technology, lipid acts as a lubricant yangberbentuk food pellets, as a substance that reduces impurities in food and contribute to the delicious food.

Physical and chemical properties

Physical properties of fat that is colorless, odorless and no sense; greater specific gravity than water, are not easily soluble in water, for the etheric oil extraction in the manufacture of perfumes. While the chemical nature is able terjadirancidity (rancid); hydrolyzed by high heat; hidrogensi oil; transesterification.
Fat characterized as organic biomolecules is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water and can be extracted with a solvent such as non-polar chloroform, ether, benzene, hexane, acetone and hot alcohol. In the past, fat is not an interesting subject for biochemical research. Because of the difficulty in researching compounds that are not soluble in water and serves as an energy reserve and structural components of membranes, lipids considered not to have diverse metabolic roles like those of other biomolecules, such as carbohydrates and amino acids.
However, nowadays, researching fat is the most captivating subject of biochemical research, particularly in molecular research on membranes. Ever thought to be inert structure (inert), today known as functional membranes as dynamic and a molecular understanding of cellular function is a key to explaining the various components of biological importance, for example, active transport systems and cellular responses to external stimuli. Subcutaneous tissue around the abdomen, the fat tissue around the kidneys contain a lot of fat, especially lipid roughly about 90%, in the brain tissue or the egg lipids are about the size of 7.5 to 30%.
A fatty acid is a chain hodrokarbon with a carboxyl terminal cluster, has identified more than 70 fatty acids available in nature. Although short-chain fatty acids, eg, fatty acid chain of four-or six-are commonly found, but triasilgliserolutama found in plant fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, with a length of 14 to 22 carbons. Saturated fatty acids do not contain C = C double bonds in its structure, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, which sometimes are in cis geometric configuration. Unsaturated fatty acids most abundant have one or two double bonds (each, fatty acids and dienoat monoenoat), however, with three olefinic fatty acids (trienoat) and four (tetraenoat) double bonds are also found in nature.

Organic Compounds of Life

In the science of chemistry, we know the term elements and compounds. The element is a single substance such as H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen), Na (Sodium), Cl (Chlor), C (carbon), N (Nitrogen) and others. Until now, we know that there are 117 elements in the world.
Mystery Chemical Compounds
The compound is a substance made up of several elements, such as water. The water formed from the elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) is the chemical formula H2O written. Examples of other compound is table salt, which is formed from the elements sodium (Na) and Chlor (Cl), with the chemical formula NaCl. Cyanide is also a compound made up of elements of C (carbon) and N (Nitrogen), so the chemical formula Cyanide is CN.
There is a very unique son of the magic of chemistry phenomena. Every day you eat salt, right? How does it feel when you eat vegetables without salt? What is unique about the creation of this salt? Consider carefully about God cipataan this one:
Salt, was formed from elements that are very dangerous! This is one of the wonders of the world that we should consider. Salt (NaCl) is a compound formed from the elements sodium (Na) and chloride elements (Cl). If we look at each one, Sodium is an element that is dangerous. Very explosive, got a little water can explode and emit flames. While Chlor (Cl) in the form of gas, chlorine is greenish yellow, and very toxic.
In summary, Sodium is a very dangerous substance. Chlor also a very dangerous substance. But after they come together to form sodium chloride, then both bad disposition (burn and poison) destroyed! Even Sodium chloride (salt) is a substance that is needed by humans as a flavor enhancer.
If salt is a useful substance that is formed by two harmless substances, the opposite occurs in cyanide. Cyanide (CN) is a toxin formed from Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Carbon (charcoal) are substances that are useful for the purification process in the industry, and are used to mbakar satay at Warung Sate Tegal. Nitrogen is also a very useful substance in the medical world, and even today is used to fill the tires of your car to make it more stable. Strangely, Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which are substances that are both useful, but when they come together to form cyanide (CN), the power point suddenly vanished, and appeared dangerous new properties. Cyanide (CN) is toxic.

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Hydrocarbon Derivatives 

Hydrocarbon derivatives are molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons, but have additional atoms or groups of atoms called functional groups.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are primarily made up of Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Esters, and Amines.

Alcohols are characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH).  The systemic name for an alcohol is obtained by replacing the final –e of the parent hydrocarbon by –ol.  Alcohols usually have much higher boiling points than might be expected from their molar masses.  Although there are many important alcohols, the simplest ones, methanol and ethanol, have the greatest commercial value.  Methanol is used as a starting material for the synthesis of acetic acid and many types of adhesives.  Fibers.  And plastics.  It also can be used as a motor fuel.  Methanol is highly toxic to humans and can lead to blindness and death if ingested.  Ethanol is the alcohol found in beverages such as beer, wine, and whiskey.

Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group.  The carbonyl group is one type of double bond.  The unique properties and reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones arise from their unique charge distribution.  The systemic name for aldehyde is obtained from the parent alkane by removing the final –e and adding –al­.  For ketones, the final –one replaces -e, and the number indicates the position of the carbonyl group where necessary.  Ketones often have useful solvent properties and are frequently used in industry for this purpose.  Aldehydes and ketones are most often produced commercially by the oxidation of alcohols.  Carboxylic acids and esters are characterized by the presence of the carboxyl group and have the general formula RCOOH.  These molecules are typically weak acids in aqueous solutions.  Organic acids are named from the parent alkane by dropping the final –e and adding –oic.  Many carboxylic acids are synthesized by oxidizing primary alcohols with a strong oxidizing agent.  A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and a water molecule.  Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor that s in contrast to the often-pungent odors of the parent carboxylic acids.

Amines are probably best viewed as derivatives of ammonia in which one or more N-H bonds are replaced by N-C bonds.  The resulting amines are classified as primary if one N-C bond is present, secondary is they contain two N-C bonds, and tertiary if all three N-H bonds in NH3 have been replaced by N-C bonds.  Many amines have unpleasant fish-like odors.