lipids in the life

Lipid

Lipids are a set of compounds in the body that have characteristics similar to fat, fat (grease), or oil. Because it is hydrophobic, the compound can be used by the body as a useful tool for berbagaikeperluan. For example, the type of lipid known as trigleresida serves as an important fuel. These compounds are highly efficient to be stored as energy-producing material savings due terkumpuk in small grains almost free of water, making it much lighter than the accumulation of carbohydrate-laden water equivalent. Another type of lipid that is an important structural material. The ability of this type of lipid to join together to get rid of water and other polar compounds cause it to form a membrane that allows for a variety of complex organisms.
Lipid A sebgai defined organic compounds found in nature and do not dissolve in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents just as a hydrocarbon or diethyl ether. Lipids are compounds that are esters of fatty acids with glycerol which sometimes contain other groups. Lipids do not dissolve in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, acetone, chloroform, and benzene.
Judging from the structure of lipid compounds are not soluble in water. Lipid compounds are named
based on physical properties (solubility) than the chemical structure. In general, lipids are divided into two major categories, namely "simple lipids" and "lipid complex". Includes simple lipid classes are compounds that have no ester group and can not be hydrolyzed. This group includes steroids. Group composed of complex lipid compounds having ester groups and can be hydrolyzed. This group meiputi oil, grease, and wax.

Lipids are a large group of natural molecules composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen include fatty acids, sterols, vitamins are fat soluble, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, terpenoids (including sap and steroids) and others.

Lipid Function

The function of lipids are as follows:
1. Lipids are a source of metabolic energy that is essential in the formation of ATP. Lipids are a group of very rich nutrient energi.Perbandingan energy value of lipid nutrients are as follows:
Lipid 9.5 kcal / g
Protein 5.6 kcal / g
Carbohydrates 4.1 kcal / g
Based on this, it can be used as a substitute for lipid valuable protein for growth, because in certain circumstances, triglycerides (fat and oil) can be converted into free fatty acids as fuel in muscle metabolic energy untukmenghasilkan livestock, particularly poultry and monogastric.
2. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes and membrane sub-cells. Lipids are included in this group are polyunsaturated fatty acids / PUFA-containing phospholipids and sterol esters.
3. Lipids can be useful as an absorbent and a carrier for vitamin A, D, E and K.
4. Lipids are a source of essential fatty acids, which are the custodians and cell membrane integrity, optimizing lipid transport (because keterbatasanfosfolipid as emulsifying agent).
5. As a precursor to sex hormones such as prostagtandin endrogen hormone, estrogen.
6. Lipid serves as a vital protective organs.
7. Lipids as a source of steroids, which enhance its vital functions biologisyang Example: sterols (cholesterol) are involved in maintenance of membrane systems, for the transport of lipids and as a precursor of vitamin D3 and bile acids, adrenal and corticosteroids).
8. From the aspect of food technology, lipid acts as a lubricant yangberbentuk food pellets, as a substance that reduces impurities in food and contribute to the delicious food.

Physical and chemical properties

Physical properties of fat that is colorless, odorless and no sense; greater specific gravity than water, are not easily soluble in water, for the etheric oil extraction in the manufacture of perfumes. While the chemical nature is able terjadirancidity (rancid); hydrolyzed by high heat; hidrogensi oil; transesterification.
Fat characterized as organic biomolecules is insoluble or sparingly soluble in water and can be extracted with a solvent such as non-polar chloroform, ether, benzene, hexane, acetone and hot alcohol. In the past, fat is not an interesting subject for biochemical research. Because of the difficulty in researching compounds that are not soluble in water and serves as an energy reserve and structural components of membranes, lipids considered not to have diverse metabolic roles like those of other biomolecules, such as carbohydrates and amino acids.
However, nowadays, researching fat is the most captivating subject of biochemical research, particularly in molecular research on membranes. Ever thought to be inert structure (inert), today known as functional membranes as dynamic and a molecular understanding of cellular function is a key to explaining the various components of biological importance, for example, active transport systems and cellular responses to external stimuli. Subcutaneous tissue around the abdomen, the fat tissue around the kidneys contain a lot of fat, especially lipid roughly about 90%, in the brain tissue or the egg lipids are about the size of 7.5 to 30%.
A fatty acid is a chain hodrokarbon with a carboxyl terminal cluster, has identified more than 70 fatty acids available in nature. Although short-chain fatty acids, eg, fatty acid chain of four-or six-are commonly found, but triasilgliserolutama found in plant fatty acids with an even number of carbon atoms, with a length of 14 to 22 carbons. Saturated fatty acids do not contain C = C double bonds in its structure, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, which sometimes are in cis geometric configuration. Unsaturated fatty acids most abundant have one or two double bonds (each, fatty acids and dienoat monoenoat), however, with three olefinic fatty acids (trienoat) and four (tetraenoat) double bonds are also found in nature.

Organic Compounds of Life

In the science of chemistry, we know the term elements and compounds. The element is a single substance such as H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen), Na (Sodium), Cl (Chlor), C (carbon), N (Nitrogen) and others. Until now, we know that there are 117 elements in the world.
Mystery Chemical Compounds
The compound is a substance made up of several elements, such as water. The water formed from the elements hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) is the chemical formula H2O written. Examples of other compound is table salt, which is formed from the elements sodium (Na) and Chlor (Cl), with the chemical formula NaCl. Cyanide is also a compound made up of elements of C (carbon) and N (Nitrogen), so the chemical formula Cyanide is CN.
There is a very unique son of the magic of chemistry phenomena. Every day you eat salt, right? How does it feel when you eat vegetables without salt? What is unique about the creation of this salt? Consider carefully about God cipataan this one:
Salt, was formed from elements that are very dangerous! This is one of the wonders of the world that we should consider. Salt (NaCl) is a compound formed from the elements sodium (Na) and chloride elements (Cl). If we look at each one, Sodium is an element that is dangerous. Very explosive, got a little water can explode and emit flames. While Chlor (Cl) in the form of gas, chlorine is greenish yellow, and very toxic.
In summary, Sodium is a very dangerous substance. Chlor also a very dangerous substance. But after they come together to form sodium chloride, then both bad disposition (burn and poison) destroyed! Even Sodium chloride (salt) is a substance that is needed by humans as a flavor enhancer.
If salt is a useful substance that is formed by two harmless substances, the opposite occurs in cyanide. Cyanide (CN) is a toxin formed from Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Carbon (charcoal) are substances that are useful for the purification process in the industry, and are used to mbakar satay at Warung Sate Tegal. Nitrogen is also a very useful substance in the medical world, and even today is used to fill the tires of your car to make it more stable. Strangely, Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), which are substances that are both useful, but when they come together to form cyanide (CN), the power point suddenly vanished, and appeared dangerous new properties. Cyanide (CN) is toxic.

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Hydrocarbon Derivatives 

Hydrocarbon derivatives are molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons, but have additional atoms or groups of atoms called functional groups.  Hydrocarbon derivatives are primarily made up of Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Esters, and Amines.

Alcohols are characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH).  The systemic name for an alcohol is obtained by replacing the final –e of the parent hydrocarbon by –ol.  Alcohols usually have much higher boiling points than might be expected from their molar masses.  Although there are many important alcohols, the simplest ones, methanol and ethanol, have the greatest commercial value.  Methanol is used as a starting material for the synthesis of acetic acid and many types of adhesives.  Fibers.  And plastics.  It also can be used as a motor fuel.  Methanol is highly toxic to humans and can lead to blindness and death if ingested.  Ethanol is the alcohol found in beverages such as beer, wine, and whiskey.

Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group.  The carbonyl group is one type of double bond.  The unique properties and reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones arise from their unique charge distribution.  The systemic name for aldehyde is obtained from the parent alkane by removing the final –e and adding –al­.  For ketones, the final –one replaces -e, and the number indicates the position of the carbonyl group where necessary.  Ketones often have useful solvent properties and are frequently used in industry for this purpose.  Aldehydes and ketones are most often produced commercially by the oxidation of alcohols.  Carboxylic acids and esters are characterized by the presence of the carboxyl group and have the general formula RCOOH.  These molecules are typically weak acids in aqueous solutions.  Organic acids are named from the parent alkane by dropping the final –e and adding –oic.  Many carboxylic acids are synthesized by oxidizing primary alcohols with a strong oxidizing agent.  A carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol to form an ester and a water molecule.  Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor that s in contrast to the often-pungent odors of the parent carboxylic acids.

Amines are probably best viewed as derivatives of ammonia in which one or more N-H bonds are replaced by N-C bonds.  The resulting amines are classified as primary if one N-C bond is present, secondary is they contain two N-C bonds, and tertiary if all three N-H bonds in NH3 have been replaced by N-C bonds.  Many amines have unpleasant fish-like odors.

ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC

Aliphatic and aromatic
Aromatic compounds are organic compounds having a phenyl group. Aromatic compounds are carcinogenic genetoxic, that there is no safe limit for exposure cancer risk. Examples of the aromatic compound is benzene. While Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that do not have a phenyl group. Aliphatic compounds are generally highly flammable so it is often used as a fuel. Aliphatic compounds are examples of Methane and Acetylene. Differences between senyawatersebut lies in the presence or absence of the phenyl group. In chemistry, the phenyl group is one of the functional groups in a chemical formula. -The formula is C6H5. In this group, six carbon atoms arranged in a cyclic ring structure. This ring is very stable, and is part of a group of aromatic compounds. Phenyl ring is hydrophobic (water repellent) and aromatic hydrocarbons. This cluster can be found in many organic compounds. The ring is estimated to be derived from benzene.
Hydrocarbons can be classified according to a variety of carbon-carbon bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bond has called saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms having two or three bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons.Hydrogen and its compounds, generally divided into three major groups, namely:1. Hydrogen consists of aliphatic carbon chain that does not cover cyclic wake. This group is often referred to as the open-chain hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons. Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons, namely:C2H6 (ethane) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (pentane)2. Alicyclic hydrocarbon or cyclic hydrocarbon composed of carbon atoms arranged in a ring or more.3. Aromatic hydrocarbons are a special class of cyclic compounds that are usually described as a ring of six with a single bond and a double bond bersilih changed. The group is classified separately from acyclic and aliphatic hydrocarbons because of its unique physical and chemical properties

 For saturated hydrocarbons, all of the carbon atoms in the alkane has four single bonds and no lone pairs. The electrons are bound strongly by both atoms. Consequently, these compounds are quite stable and is also called paraffin which means less reactive.Aliphatic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum, while aromatic hydrocarbons from coal. All hydrocarbons, aliphatic and aromatic have three general properties, which are not soluble in water, is lighter than water and burns in air.

Between C atoms can bond together Establish Chain of Atoms C are as follows:

C atom has four valence electrons that enable it to bind with each other C atoms. That's the uniqueness of C atoms so as to form a carbon chain length.

Based on the number of C atoms are tied up, there are 4 possible positions of C atoms in the carbon chain, the C atom of primary, secondary C atom, atom C tertiary, and quaternary C atoms. What is the difference between the four types of atom C?
 
Primary C atoms are C atoms only bind one other C atom, atom C is a secondary C atom that binds two other C atoms, C atoms are tertiary C atom that binds three other C atoms, whereas the quaternary C atom is an atom that binds C 4 other C atom.